Collagen is an important structural protein found in the body's connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Chondroitin sulfate is a substance found naturally in joint cartilage. Studies on the effectiveness of chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis have revealed mixed results. Some studies suggest that it may have modest benefits in reducing pain and improving joint function, while other studies have found no significant differences compared to placebo.

Osteoporosis is a significant concern for menopausal women due to the accelerated bone loss associated with declining estrogen levels. As bone health diminishes, the risk of fractures, particularly in the hip, spine, and wrist, increases, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality in this population. Hormone replacement therapy has emerged as an essential intervention in the prevention and treatment of menopausal osteoporosis, offering benefits that must be weighed carefully against potential risks.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab (targeting CTLA-4), nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab (targeting PD-1), and atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab (targeting PD-L1) are powerful immunotherapy drugs used to treat various cancers. By boosting the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells, these drugs offer significant therapeutic benefits. However, they can also lead to side effects as the immune system may attack healthy tissues.