Lumbar disc herniation is a condition of the spine in which the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc shifts and puts pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar region of the spine.

Causes:

Lumbar disc herniation can be caused by several factors, including:

• Disc degeneration: With aging, intervertebral discs can undergo degenerative changes, such as loss of water and elasticity, making them more prone to herniation.
• Overload or trauma: Lifting heavy objects improperly or making sudden twisting movements can increase the risk of a herniated disc.
• Aging: The natural aging process can weaken the discs and increase the likelihood of a herniated disc.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation involves several steps:

• Medical history: The doctor collects information about the symptoms, duration, and progression of pain. Attention is paid to triggers, such as movements or lifting objects.
• Physical exam: During the exam, the doctor evaluates spinal mobility, muscle strength, and sensation in the legs.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) are used to visualize the spine and confirm the diagnosis. These images also help determine the location and size of the hernia.
• Neurological studies: In some cases, nerve conduction tests or electromyography may be done to evaluate nerve function in the legs.

Treatment:

Lumbar disc herniation treatment depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

• Conservative management:
• Rest: Avoid activities that increase pain and allow the hernia to resorb.
• Physical Therapy: A physical therapist develops a specific exercise program to strengthen the muscles surrounding the spine and improve posture and biomechanics.
• Medications: Pain relievers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or muscle relaxants can help relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
• Corticosteroid injections: In cases of significant inflammation and pain, corticosteroid injections can be administered to the affected area.

Surgery:

Surgery is considered in severe cases or when other treatments have been unsuccessful. Surgical options may include discectomy (removal of the herniated portion of the disc) or spinal fusion.